美国排水综合毒性在有毒污染物排放控制中的应用方法与启示

摘要

简要介绍了排水综合毒性( whole effluent toxicity,WET)在美国的发展概况和相关技术指南、规范等内容,剖析了WET在美国水中有毒污染物排放控制中的应用方法,主要包括确定适用的WET基准与标准、表征废水特性以评价排水潜在毒性、计算WET排放限值和进行毒性削减评价。美国针对以上每个环节的工作都建立了一套科学的方法体系,为我国开展水中有毒污染物的排放控制管理提供了重要借鉴,即明确排污许可的核心地位,完善我国水中污染物排放控制管理制度；建立基于水环境质量的水污染物排放控制管理体系及方法；加强WET监测研究工作,确定WET用于水中有毒污染物排放控制的方法体系。%The situation of Whole Effluent Toxicity ( WET ) development history and relevant government documents published in the United States were briefly introduced. The application methods of WET for water toxics control in the United States were discussed in details, including defining water quality criteria and standards for WET, characterizing effluent thus evaluating reasonable potential to cause or contribute to an excursion above water quality criteria or standards, calculating WET permit limits, conducting Toxicity Reduction Evaluation ( TRE) and so on. For all these works, the United States have established scientific methodology. It presents important reference meanings for water toxics control and management in China, including clarifying the importance of discharging permits and thus improving the regulation systems of water pollutants control and management, establishing water quality-based pollutants control and management systems and methodologies, strengthening WET monitoring and setting up methodologies of toxics control using WET.