Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 China;
College of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Engineering Hebei University of Science and Technology Shijiazhuang 050018 Hebei China;
Key Laboratory for Green Chemical Technology of Ministry of Education School of Chemical Engineering and Technology Tianjin University Tianjin 300072 ChinaState Key Laboratory of Organic–Inorganic Composites Beijing University of Chemical Technology Beijing 100029 China;
Zinc-ion batteries; Vanadium-based cathodes; Energy storage mechanisms;