The evolution and failure mechanism of lithium metal anode under practical working conditions

摘要

Lithium(Li)metal is regarded as a promising anode material to render the Li batteries with high energy density and therefore satisfy the ever-growing energy demands of high-end storage devices[1].Unfortunately,the dendrite growth accompanied with accumulation of"dead Li"leads to low Coulombic efficiency,poor cycling lifespan,and even severe safety hazards,critically hindering the practical implementation of Li metal batteries[2,3].