石鼓山西周墓所出的“棜”及“酒以成礼”

摘要

西周时的“棜”、“禁”都用于承放酒器，“棜”无足，“禁”有足，石鼓山西周墓所出的“禁”称为“棜”更恰当。“棜”是商末周初出现的新器物，造型反映了天圆地方的观念，可能与祭祀有关。西周时期主要是将所有的饮酒行为纳入到礼乐制度中，“棜”等的出现体现了西周以礼规范饮酒，节制饮酒，而不是简单地禁酒。“酒以成礼”是说饮酒是礼节仪式不可或缺的内容，守礼可节制饮酒；在礼仪场合就是饮酒过量，只要行为不失礼就不为过。“棜”的出现还反映了周初礼乐制度的改革与建设。%In the Western Zhou Dynasty,the bronze ware Yu and Jin are used as wine containers. Yu has no foot while Jin has some feet;therefore,it is more appropriate to identify wine containers that were excavated in Western Zhou Tombs on Stone Drum Mountain as Yu.As a new artifact,Yu appeared in the Late Shang and Early Zhou Dynasties.The shape of Yu reflects the hemispherical dome cosmology,which is possibly related to worship.During the Western Zhou Dynasty,all drink-ing behaviors are brought in ritual system.The appearance of Yu and other drinking vessels revealed that the government regulated people's drinking behaviors with propriety and wanted people to be moderate in drinking wine,but did not simply forbade people to drink.If a person drinks a lot but does not breach etiquette on some rites,it can be accepted.The appearance of Yu also reflected re-form and construction of ritual system in the Early Zhou Dynasty.