陕北窑洞民居发展对策研究

摘要

针对陕北地区传统民居窑洞,从窑洞本身及其发展环境出发,分析了窑洞的建筑特色和使用价值以及它在陕北地区的发展现状,指出窑洞的发展正面临着十分尴尬的境地.运用SWOT分析法,概括了窑洞的优势、劣势、机遇、挑战,优势方面突出其作为生土建筑的生态优势,因地制宜的特征,解决黄土高原土地和能源、环境等问题的作用,以及富含乡土特色的审美价值；劣势方面突出了村落布局缺乏整体性、交通不便、室内通风采光条件欠缺、造型和空间单一呆板；机遇方面则突出了世界范围内对建筑生态学的日益重视,以及对地下民用建筑的探索和应用；挑战则在于窑洞建筑技术、窑洞民居与城市化之间的矛盾、窑洞民居与现代生活之间的矛盾、“限制”型的管理模式几个方面.在此基础上,建议陕北窑洞的发展应该通过舆论正确引导、改变人们的传统观念；从筑窑技术上努力改善窑洞的缺点；加大基础设施建设,改善窑居环境；开发具有陕北特色的窑洞文化旅游；建设具有陕北特色的社会主义新农村.%In view of traditional houses in northern area of Shaanxi Province which was cave dwellings,based on cave dwelling and its development environment, the paper had analyzed architectural characteristics and use value of cave dwelling and its development in northern area of Shaanxi Province, and then pointed out that cave dwelling development had been reduced into an awkward situation. By using SWOT analysis method,the strengths,weaknesses,opportunities and threats of cave dwellings had been summarized. In terms of strengths, cave dwelling had ecological advantage as native architecture, was constructed based on local conditions, could solve land, energy and environment problems on Loess Plateau,and abounded in aesthetic value of native feature. In terms of weaknesses,village layout lacked of integrity,transportation was not convenient, indoor ventilation and lighting were insufficient, and pattern and space were simplified and stereotyped. In terms of opportunities, it stressed architectural ecology having received more and more attention in the world,and exploration and application of underground civil architecture. In terms of threats,it lied in construction technology of cave dwelling,contradiction between cave dwelling and urbanization and between cave dwelling and modern life,and management mode of restricted type. On this basis,it suggested that cave dwelling development in northern area of Shaanxi should transform people' s traditional concept through correct guidance of public voice; strive to eliminate weakness of cave dwelling; improve cave dwelling environment by enhancing infrastructure construction; develop characteristic cave dwelling cultural tourism in northern area of Shaanxi, and construct socialist new countryside of northern Shaanxi character.