School of Civil Engineering Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China;
Key Laboratory of Urban Underground Engineering of Ministry of Education Beijing Jiaotong University Beijing 100044 China;
School of Civil and Architectural Engineering Wuhan University Wuhan 430072 China;
State Key Laboratory of Simulation and Regulation of Water Cycle in River Basin Beijing 100038 China;
numerical manifold method; rotation; large deformation; Green strain; open-close iteration;