Department of Ophthalmology, University of Kinshasa, Kinshasa, Congo;
Emergency Service, University Hospital Centre, Brazzaville, Congo;
Faculty of Health Sciences, Walter Sisulu University, Mthatha, South Africa;
Faculty of Medicine, University of Health Sciences, Libreville, Gabon;
School of International Studies, Wenzhou Medical College, Wenzhou, China;
The Eye Centre, East London, South Africa;
Diabetic; Retinopathy; Visual; Disability; Higher; High; Density; Lipoprotein; Smoking; Insulin; Resistance; Oxidative; Stress; Africans;