Institute of Engineering Technology;
University of Science and Technology Beijing;
Beijing 100083;
China;
Commonwealth Scientific and Industrial Research Organisation;
Melbourne 3168;
Australia;
Dongbei Special Steel Group Co.;
Ltd.;
Dalian 116105;
China;
College of Materials and Metallurgy;
Guizhou University;
Guiyang 550025;
China;
carbothermal reduction; manganese ore; manganese oxides; microwave heating; thermodynamics; electromagnetic fields;