Manipulation of parasite load induces significant changes in the structural-based throat color of male iberian green lizards

摘要

The honesty of structural-based ornaments is controversial.Sexual selection theory predicts that the honesty of a sexual signal relies on its cost of production or maintenance.Therefore,environmental factors with negative impact on individuals could generate high costs and affect the expression of these sexual signals.In this sense,parasites are a main cost for their hosts.To probe the effect of parasites on the structural-based coloration of a lacertid species Lacerta schreiberi,we have experimentally removed ticks from a group of male Iberian green lizards using an acaricide treatment (i.e.,the broad-use insecticide fipronil).All individuals were radio-tracked and recaptured after 15 days to study changes in coloration in both the ultraviolet (UV)-blue (structural-based) and UV-yellow (structural and pigment-based) ornamentations after manipulation,as well as changes in endo-and ectoparasitic load and body condition.Additionally,after the experiment,we measured the skin inflammatory response to a mitogen.The fipronil treatment was effective in reducing ticks and it was associated with a significant reduction of hemoparasite load.Throughout the season,individuals treated with fipronil tended to maintain the brightness of the UV-blue throat coloration while control lizards tended to increase it.However,individuals treated with fipronil that were not infected with hemoparasites significantly reduced the brightness of the UV-blue throat coloration.Individuals with a higher initial tick load exhibited a lower UV saturation increment (UV-blue)and a higher brightness increment (UV-yellow) during the experiment.Overall these results experimentally support the idea that parasites adversely influence the expression of the structural-based coloration of male Iberian green lizards.This adds evidence to the hypothesis that sexual ornaments in lizards function as honest signals.