School of Chemical Sciences University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China;
School of Chemical Sciences University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China;
School of Chemical Sciences University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China;
College of Innovation and Entrepreneurship Southern University of Science and Technology Shenzhen 518055 China;
School of Chemical Sciences University of the Chinese Academy of Sciences Beijing 100049 China;
N-heterocyclic carbene; radical; one-electron oxidant; photochemistry; electrochemistry;