Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China;
Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China;
Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China;
Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China;
Institute of Physics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100080, China;
Panzhihua Iron & Steel Research Institute, Panzhihua, Sichuan 617000, China;
vanadium oxide; x-ray photoelectron spectroscopy; annealing; sputtering;