膜下滴灌水稻优化毛管配置模式及适宜灌溉强度的研究

摘要

膜下滴灌水稻在干旱/半旱区(新疆、宁夏)表现出较高的生产潜力,而优化毛管配置模式和灌溉强度是其实现高产的前提.为此,本研究于石河子地区通过设置毛管配置模式和灌溉强度双因素多水平处理,开展为期一年的小区试验,旨在为膜下滴灌水稻获得高产高效的毛管配置模式和灌溉强度提供理论依据.研究结果表明,综合品种和灌溉强度因素,群体整齐度以1膜4管8行配置(R1)最优,其次是1膜2管8行配置(R2),1膜1管8行配置(R3)最差.R2模式通过促进近滴灌带行位株穴的生长发育来弥补远滴灌带行位株穴生长发育,最终 R2模式的产量、水分利用效率及经济效益与 R1差异不显著；由于 R3模式下距滴灌带第3行位和第4行位的株穴生长严重受限,进而导致 R3模式的产量、水分利用效率及经济效益显著低于 R1和 R2模式；总体而言,增加灌溉强度有利于膜下滴灌水稻生长发育.在砂壤土质条件下,膜下滴灌水稻为获得较高的谷物产量,毛管间距以40~80 cm 为宜.关键生育期灌溉强度为抽穗前11 mm/d,抽穗后需维持更高的灌量,可以考虑维持在20~25 mm /d.%Rice under drip irrigation with plastic film mulching performances a potential and high productivity in arid and semiarid regions.Capillary configuration mode and irrigation intensity are key factors for high grain yield.To determine optimum capillary configuration mode and irrigation intensity in key growth stages,plot experiments were conducted with two cultivars in 201 1 in Shihezi City of northern Xinjiang under various capillary configuration modes and irrigation intensities.The population showed the most uniform growth under one sheet of plastic film mulching (1 .6 m wide)with four drip tapes and eight rows of rice (R1 ),followed by one sheet of plastic film mulching with two drip tapes and eight rows of rice (R2 )and one sheet of plastic film mulching with one drip tape and eight rows rice (R3 ).In the R2 treatment,the rapid growth of rice plants in the row near to the drip tape made up for the slower growth of rice plants in the second row from the drip tape.There were no significant differences in grain yield,water use efficiency,and economic return between the R1 and R2 treatments.However,in the R3 treatment,rice growth and development was seriously reduced throughout the growing season in the two rows farthest from the drip tape (i.e.,the third and fourth rows).As a result,grain yield,water use efficiency,and economic return were significantly lower in the R3 treatment than the R1 and R2 treatments across two cultivars and four irrigation intensities.Generally speaking,rice growth and development were significantly improved as irrigation intensity increased under drip irrigation with plastic film mulching.In conclusion,the distance between drip tapes should be in the range of 40-80 cm to obtain high grain yield under drip irrigation in silty loam soil.In addition,the irrigation regime of 1 1 mm /d was beneficial to growth and development of rice plants before heading,and 20-25 mm /d after heading.