目的：探讨不同养护模式下老年人的养护需求和养护能力之间的差异。方法2014年6—8月，采用分层方便抽样法抽取锦州市家庭、养老院、老年公寓、老年护理院/康复院的418名老年人。采用一般资料问卷、日常生活活动能力（ADLs）量表和自行编制的老年人养护需求量表、自我养护能力量表、家庭支持能力量表对家庭、养老院、老年公寓、老年护理院/康复院养护模式下老年人的养护需求和养护能力进行访谈式问卷调查。结果共发放418份调查问卷，回收有效问卷412份，有效回收率为98.6%。4种养护模式的老年人年龄、婚姻状况、文化程度、工作状况、患病情况、月收入、子女数量、医疗保险情况、生活满意度、失能情况比较，差异有统计学意义（ P <0.05）。养老院养护模式物质需求得分、医疗健康需求得分高于家庭养护模式，精神文化需求得分低于家庭养护模式（ P <0.05）；老年公寓养护模式物质需求得分低于养老院养护模式，医疗健康需求得分低于家庭、养老院养护模式，精神文化需求得分高于家庭、养老院养护模式（P <0.05）；老年护理院/康复院养护模式物质需求得分低于养老院养护模式，医疗健康需求得分高于家庭、养老院、老年公寓养护模式，精神文化需求得分低于家庭、养老院、老年公寓养护模式（P <0.05）。养老院养护模式医疗健康能力得分高于家庭养护模式，经济能力得分低于家庭养护模式（P <0.05）；老年公寓养护模式医疗健康能力得分、经济能力得分高于家庭、养老院养护模式，社交能力得分高于养老院养护模式（P <0.05）；老年护理院/康复院养护模式生活自理能力得分、医疗健康能力得分、社交能力得分低于家庭、养老院、老年公寓养护模式，经济能力得分高于养老院养护模式（P <0.05）。养老院养护模式配偶支持能力得分、子女支持能力得分及其他得分低于家庭养护模式（P <0.05）；老年公寓养护模式配偶支持能力得分、子女支持能力得分低于家庭养护模式，子女支持能力得分高于养老院养护模式，其他得分高于家庭、养老院养护模式（P <0.05）；老年护理院/康复院养护模式配偶支持能力得分、子女支持能力得分低于家庭养护模式，配偶支持能力得分、子女支持能力得分及其他得分高于养老院养护模式（P <0.05）。结论不同养护模式下老年人的养护需求和养护能力存在差异，需要针对老年人养护模式的特点及其养护能力的现状，满足其养护需求，提高其生活质量。%Objectjve To investigate the differences in caring demands and abilities of the elderly in different caring modes. Methods From June to August 2014,stratified sampling method was employed to select 418 elderly people from families,nursing homes,apartments,elderly caring homes or rehabilitation hospitals in Jinzhou city. The questionnaires of general information,activities of daily living(ADLs)scales and self - designed scales involving elderly caring demands,self -caring abilities and family supporting abilities were distributed to investigate the status of caring demands and abilities of the elderly in different caring modes including family, nursing homes, apartments, elderly caring homes or rehabilitation hospitals. Results A total of 418 questionnaires were distributed,412 valid questionnaires were available,the effective recovery rate was 98. 6%. The 4 different caring modes manifested statistical significances in the age,marital status,educational degree, work status,prevalence,monthly income,number of children,health insurance status,life satisfaction and disability status, (P < 0. 05). The scores of the demands for materials and medical health of the elderly living in nursing homes were higher than those of the elderly living in family,while the scores of spiritual and cultural demands were lower those of the elderly living in family(P < 0. 05);the score of the demand for materials of the elderly living in apartments was lower than that of the elderly living in nursing homes,the score of the demand for medical health in apartments was lower than that of the elderly in nursing homes;the scores of spiritual and cultural demands of the elderly living in apartments were higher than those of the elderly in families and nursing homes(P < 0. 05);the score of the demand for materials of the elderly living in elderly caring homes or rehabilitation hospitals was lower than that of the elderly living in nursing homes;the score of the demand for medical health of the elderly living in caring homes or rehabilitation hospitals was higher than living that of the elderly in families,nursing homes and apartments;the scores of the spiritual and cultural demands of the elderly living in elderly caring homes or rehabilitation hospitals were lower than those of the elderly living in families,nursing homes and apartments(P < 0. 05). The score of medical health ability of the elderly living in nursing home was higher than living that of the elderly in families,but the score of economic ability was lower than that of the elderly living in families(P < 0. 05);the score of medical health ability and economic ability of the elderly living in apartments was higher than that of the elderly living in families and nursing homes;in addition,the score of social ability was higher than that of the elderly living in nursing homes(P < 0. 05);the scores of self - caring,medical health and social ability of the elderly living in elderly caring homes or rehabilitation hospitals were lower than those of the elderly living in family,nursing homes and apartments,but the score of economic ability was higher than the elderly living that of the elderly in nursing homes(P < 0. 05). The scores of supporting abilities from spouses,children or others in nursing homes were lower than those of the elderly in families(P < 0. 05);the scores of supporting abilities from spouses and children of the elderly living in apartments were lower than those of the elderly living in families,but the score of supporting abilities from children,was higher than that of the elderly living in nursing homes;in addition,the score of supporting abilities from others,was higher than that of the elderly living in families and nursing homes(P < 0. 05);the scores of supporting abilities from spouses and children of the elderly living in elderly caring homes or rehabilitation hospitals were lower than those of the elderly in family,but the scores of support abilities from spouses,children and others were higher than those of the elderly living in nursing homes( P < 0. 05). Conclusjon There are significant differences in caring demands and abilities of the elderly in different caring modes. It is necessary to meet their caring demands and improve the quality of their living quality,according to the characteristics of the caring modes and status of the caring and nursing abilities of the elderly in China.
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