“营改增”对交运企业财务绩效的影响

摘要

“营改增”作为我国实施结构性减税的一项重要举措，正在兼顾统筹国家、社会、企业、个人等各方面利益的前提下稳步推进。但自交运企业试点“营改增”以来，我国交运企业税负绝对额或增或减表现不一，引发了各界关于“营改增”对交运企业财务绩效影响的讨论。总的来看，“营改增”在宏观层面上减少了交运企业的税负绝对额，也促进了交运企业内部管理的变革，但微观层面上“营改增”对交运企业财务绩效的影响具体如何尚不清楚。微观层面上，以“营改增”试点前后两年的58家上市交运企业财务数据为基础，对试点前后税负变化对交运企业净利润的边际影响以及对交运企业息税前净利润的弹性进行实证分析发现，“营改增”对交运企业财务绩效的影响弹性显著，“营改增”对交运企业财务绩效的边际影响不显著。可见，“营改增”对交运企业财务绩效并没有直接影响，但可通过促进交运企业管理创新来提高其财务绩效。因此，“营改增”后，为更好地提高财务绩效，交运企业要基于自身经营管理实际，努力练好内功，通过成本管理、税务筹划、内部控制和审计等，不断提高自身业务技术水平，加强与增值税纳税企业之间的联系，将非核心业务外包给专营企业。只有如此，才能消除“营改增”所带来的不利影响，扩大“营改增”产生的积极作用，从根本上提高财务绩效。%"Replacing the BT with a VAT",one of the important measures for our country to implement structural tax reduction,has been carried forward under the premise of the balanced consideration of interests of country,society,enterprises and individuals. But since the pilot project of"replacing the BT with a VAT"in transport enterprises has been carried out,it is uncertain that if the absolute value of tax burden of these enterprises has been reduced or increased,which aroused more debate on the impact of"replacing the BT with a VAT"on financial performance of transport enterprises. Generally speaking,on the macro level,"replacing the BT with a VAT"can reduce the absolute value of tax burden and promote changes in internal management of these enterprises;but on the micro level,the impact of"replacing the BT with a VAT"on the financial performance of transport enterprises is unclear. On the micro level,taking the financial data of 58 listed transport enterprises in 2 years,which is before and after the point of time when the pilot of"replacing the BT with a VAT"was carried out,as the basis,the author carries out the empirical research on both the margin of NP and the elasticity of EBIT. It is found that the margin is not significant but the elasticity is very significant. It can be assumed that"replacing the BT with a VAT"has no direct impact on enterprise financial performance,and it would promote the enterprises to improve their financial performance through enhancing management and innovation. So,after"replacing the BT with a VAT",to better improve their financial performance,with the consideration of the current management situation, the transport enterprises should improve their own internal strength, improve their own technological level through cost management,tax planning,internal control and audit,strengthen the connection with VAT enterprises,and outsource the not core business to other specific enterprises. Only with that will they eliminate the adverse impact brought by "replacing the BT with a VAT",increase the positive impact of that,and fundamentally improve their financial performance.