Checkpoint blockade therapy and adoptive therapy with engineered human immune effector cells are paradigm-changing innovations that have already revolutionized the treatment of cancer for which critical advances have been achieved with CTLA-4 or PD-1/PD-L1 inhibitors and with chimeric antigen receptor T(CAR-T)cells,respectively.These paradigm-changing innovations reflect the intricate relationships between inflammatory and immunological events and the pathobiology of cancer.Cancer is,for example,described as“wounds that do not heal”,and deeper exploration of the correspondence between the molecular events that occur in cancer and those that occur in chronic infection constitutes a rich ground for fundamental discoveries.
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