Various cytokines and chemokines are produced as a result of signaling through innate immune receptors.Such signaling is initiated by host–pathogen interactions in which the host’s germline-encoded pattern recognition receptors,including Toll-like receptors(TLRs),recognize conserved microbial structures termed pathogen-associated molecular patterns.TLRs are broadly distributed in immune cells and are responsible for eliciting innate responses and enhancing adaptive immunity to pathogens.The 12 members of the TLR family in mammals are characterized by an extracelluar leucine-rich repeat domain and an intracellular Toll/IL-1 receptor domain.
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