1. General framework of galaxy formation and evolutionrn Galaxies are the building blocks of the universe, and we mankind live in the Milky Way which itself is a typical spiral galaxy. If one takes a look at an image photographed by a big telescope, e.g. the Hubble Space Telescope （HST） or the Sloan Digital Sky Survey （SDSS）, except for a small fraction of stars in our Milky Way, most of the sources are galaxies. Therefore it is pivotal to understand how galaxies are formed and evolved either to probe the nature of our universe, or to probe the origin of mankind.
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