Department of Atmospheric and Oceanic Sciences and Institute of Atmospheric Sciences;
Fudan University;
Shanghai 200438;
China;
Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography;
Institute for Advanced Ocean Studies;
Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology;
Qingdao 266100;
China;
State Key Laboratory of Earth Surface Processes and Resource Ecology;
Beijing Normal University;
Beijing 100875;
China;
Key Laboratory of Physical Oceanography/Institute for Advanced Ocean Studies;
Ocean University of China and Qingdao National Laboratory for Marine Science and Technology;
Qingdao 266100;
China;
backward nonlinear local Lyapunov exponent; maximum prediction lead time; layered structure; statistical result;