Cloud and its radiative effects are major sources of uncertainty that lead to simulation discrepancies in climate models.In this study,shortwave cloud radiative forcing (SWCF) over major stratus regions is evaluated for Atmospheric Models Intercomparison Project (AMIP)-type simulations of models involved in the third and fifth phases of the Coupled Models Intercomparison Project (CMIP3 and CMIP5).Over stratus regions,large deviations in both climatological mean and seasonal cycle of SWCF are found among the models.An ambient field sorted by dynamic (vertical motion) and thermodynamic (inversion strength or stability) regimes is constructed and used to measure the response of SWCF to large-scale controls.In marine boundary layer regions,despite both CMIP3 and CMIP5 models being able to capture well the center and range of occurrence frequency for the ambient field,most of the models fail to simulate the dependence of SWCF on boundary layer inversion and the insensitivity of SWCF to vertical motion.For eastern China,there are large differences even in the simulated ambient fields.Moreover,almost no model can reproduce intense SWCF in rising motion and high stability regimes.It is also found that models with a finer grid resolution have no evident superiority than their lower resolution versions.The uncertainties relating to SWCF in state-of-the-art models may limit their performance in IPCC experiments.
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