Dry eye disease(DED)is a multifactorial disorder of the tears and ocular surface characterized by manifestations of dryness and irritation.Although the pathogenesis is not fully illuminated,it is recognized that inflammation has a prominent role in the development and deterioration of DED.β-aminoarteether maleate(SM934)is a water-soluble artemisinin derivative with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive activities.In this study,we established scopolamine hydrobromide(SCOP)-induced rodent model as well as benzalkonium chloride(BAC)-induced rat model to investigate the therapeutic potential of SM934 for DED.We showed that topical application of SM934(0.1%,0.5%)significantly increased tear secretion,maintained the number of conjunctival goblet cells,reduced corneal damage,and decreased the levels of inflammatory mediators(TNF-α,IL-6,IL-10,or IL-1β)in conjunctiva in SCOP-induced and BAC-induced DED models.Moreover,SM934 treatment reduced the accumulation of TLR4-expressing macrophages in conjunctiva,and suppressed the expression of inflammasome components,i.e.,myeloid differentiation factor88(MyD88),Nod-like receptor protein 3(NLRP3),apoptosis-associated speck-like protein containing CARD(ASC),and cleaved caspase 1.In LPS-treated RAW 264.7 cells,we demonstrated that pretreatment with SM934(10 μM)impeded the upregulation of TLR4 and downstream NF-KB/NLRP3 signaling proteins.Collectively,artemisinin analog SM934 exerts therapeutic benefits on DED by simultaneously reserving the structural integrity of ocular surface and preventing the corneal and conjunctival inflammation,suggested a further application of SM934 in ophthalmic therapy,especially for DED.
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