轮耕对小麦-玉米两熟农田耕层构造及作物产量与品质的影响

摘要

In a three-year field experiment from the wheat season of 2009 to the maize season of 2012 in North China., we com-pared the effects of six tillage systems (zero-tillage, subsoiling, and conventional tillage before wheat sowing; zero-tillage and subsoiling before maize sowing) on soil porosity, moisture content, and crop yield and quality. Compared with zero-tillage, sub-soiling before maize sowing greatly increased the annual mean soil total porosity in 0–40 cm soil layer, and subsoiling or conven-tional tillage before wheat sowing was also in favor of improving soil total porosity in 0–40 cm layer. The interaction between tillage practices in wheat and maize seasons had the largest influence on soil porosity, and the tillage in maize season determined the soil non-capillary porosity. Subsoiling and conventional tillages in wheat season resulted in more water absorption at late wheat growth stage than zero-tillage; particularly, wheat yield in subsoiling was the highest with significant differences from those of zero-tillage and conventional tillage. Subsoiling in maize season had more water absorption at filling stage and yield promotion than zero-tillage. Meanwhile, subsoiling in maize season had a successive effect in the following wheat season. In an overview of yield and grain quality, subsoiling in both maize and wheat seasons was the most optimal tillage mode for wheat-maize cropping system in North China, followed by subsoiling in wheat season plus zero-tillage in maize season.%为了解不同轮耕模式对小麦-玉米两熟制耕层构造、作物产量和品质的影响,从2009年小麦季开始至2012年玉米生长季结束连续3个种植周期设置小麦季免耕、深松或翻耕+玉米季免耕或深松的6种耕作模式组合,研究其对农田土壤孔隙度和水分含量、作物产量、以及籽粒蛋白质含量、油分含量和容重的影响。结果表明,与免耕相比,玉米季深松大幅度提高0~40 cm土壤的周年总孔隙度,小麦季深松或翻耕改善了土壤孔隙状况。小麦季耕作和玉米季耕作的交互效应是各层次土壤毛管孔隙度的决定因素,而玉米季耕作的独立效应是土壤各层次非毛管孔隙度的决定因素。小麦季深松和翻耕促进小麦生育后期对土壤水分的吸收,深松较翻耕和免耕处理的小麦产量显著升高。玉米季深松比免耕提高了玉米在灌浆阶段对水分的吸收,有利于提高玉米产量,同时对后茬小麦有积极作用。从全年产量与品质看,6种耕作模式组合中,全年两季深松效果最佳,其次是小麦季深松+玉米季免耕,这两种轮耕模式均适合在华北平原推广应用。