鲜食蚕豆通鲜2号选育及设施栽培技术研究进展

摘要

从鲜食蚕豆专用品种选育、设施高效栽培技术、特早熟栽培技术等方面介绍了在蚕豆设施化栽培技术研究上取得的进展以及进一步研究方向.主要观点:(1)新育成鲜食蚕豆品种通鲜2号,属中熟鲜食蚕豆品种,露地播种至青荚采收历期209 d左右.分枝早而多,分枝结荚率高;苗期可耐-5~5 ℃低温,适应秋播生态区多种茬口.平均鲜荚产量可达17086.35 kg/hm2,鲜籽产量57840 kg/hm2.后期长相好,不易早衰.鲜籽易煮烂,口感香甜柔糯,风味独特.(2)研成设施高效栽培技术.发明了芽苗培育、芽苗人工春化、芽苗移栽、棚内温湿度调控、病虫害的防控、植株限长等设施栽培新技术,形成了设施栽培早熟高效配套技术体系;同时创建了大棚葡萄套种蚕豆,大棚西瓜/甜瓜轮作蚕豆组合,大棚蚕豆间作叶菜类组合等多元集约高效种植模式.%This article introduced the research progresses and further research directions of the facility cultivation technique of faba bean from the aspects of fresh-edible faba bean special variety breeding,high-efficient facility cultivation technique,very-early-maturing cultivation technique and so on.The main results were summarized as follows: (1) Fresh-edible faba bean "Tongxian No.2" was bred newly.This variety was moderately mature,and its duration from outdoor sowing to green pod harvest was about 209 days.It possessed early and more branches and high podding rate,and its seedlings could tolerate the low temperature of-5~5 ℃,so it adapted to many crop rotations in autumn sowing ecological region.The average fresh pod yield and fresh seed yield of Tongxian No.2 reached 17086.35 and 57840.00 kg/hm2,respectively.This variety had a good performance at later growth stage,and its early senescence was not easy to occur.Its fresh seeds were easily well-cooked with fragrant,sweet and waxy taste.(2) Some new facility cultivation techniques (such as seedling cultivation,seedling artificial vernalization,bud seedling transplanting,control of temperature and humidity in greenhouse,prevention and control of diseases and pest insects,and limiting plant height) of faba bean were invented,and the early-maturing and high-efficient matching facility cultivation technique system was formed.At the same time,several multiple and intensive high-efficient planting modes (such as the intercropping of grape and faba bean in greenhouse,the rotated cropping of faba bean and watermelon/melon in greenhouse,the intercropping of faba bean and foliar vegetable crops in greenhouse,etc.) were constructed.