Human skin optical properties and autofluorescence decay dynamics.

摘要

Human skin is an optical organ which constantly interacts with light. Its optical properties are fundamental to understanding various effects of light-tissue interaction in human skin and to laser applications in medicine and biology. The aim of this thesis was to test two hypotheses: (1) that skin optical properties can be quantitatively modeled, and (2) that in vivo spectroscopic measurements can be used to derive information about skin structures. Both theoretical and experimental procedures were used to test these hypotheses.; Experimental studies were completed in terms of {dollar}underline{lcub}rm macroscopic{rcub},{dollar} in vivo diffuse reflectance spectroscopy, autofluorescence spectroscopy, and temporal behavior of the autofluorescence signal during continuous laser exposure, as well as {dollar}underline{lcub}rm microscopic{rcub}{dollar} in vitro fluorophore distribution and spectral differences. Several interesting physical phenomena were discovered. Three new methods were developed for deriving information of different skin layers from in vivo and in vitro measurements. The most interesting finding was that, under continuous laser exposure, skin autofluorescence decays following a double exponential function and that the autofluorescence recovery takes about six days.; A seven layer skin optical model was developed based on (1) the structural anatomy of skin, (2) published optical properties of different skin layers and blood, and (3) measured skin fluorophore micro-distribution. Monte Carlo simulation was used to solve the Boltzmann equation of radiative transfer for the new skin model. The solutions provided a detailed knowledge of light propagation in skin tissue.; The theoretical modeling unified the {dollar}underline{lcub}rm microscopic{rcub}{dollar} properties with the {dollar}underline{lcub}rm macroscopic{rcub}{dollar} in vivo skin measurements. The physical meaning of the autofluorescence double exponential decay dynamics was also elucidated. It was shown that the coefficients of the double decay can be used to estimate the fractional contributions of different skin layers to the observed in vivo autofluorescence signal. Using this approach, it was determined that the fractional contribution of the stratum corneum was {dollar}sim{dollar}14%, while the calculated value for the Monte Carlo skin model was {dollar}sim{dollar}15%, providing a close agreement between experimental and theoretical values. The dermis contributed the remaining 85% of the observed in vivo signal. We therefore, believe that the thesis hypotheses have been substantially proven. Although the skin has complicated inhomogeneous structures, its optical properties can now be quantitatively modeled and various modalities of in vivo skin spectroscopy can be used to derive information on skin structures.