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Effects of rainfall exclusion on soil carbon gases and water relations in two boreal forest ecosystems.

机译:降雨排除对两个北方森林生态系统土壤碳气体和水关系的影响。

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Estimates of the global cycles of methane, carbon dioxide, and water must account for fluxes from boreal forests, a biome second in total area only to Earth's tropical rainforests. In order to predict fluxes of CO{dollar}sb2{dollar}, CH{dollar}sb4{dollar}, and H{dollar}sb2{dollar}O, we need to examine their response to altered soil moisture regimes. At a floodplain and upland site in interior Alaska, a 0.10-ha rainout shelter limits precipitation from May through September, and soil fluxes of CO{dollar}sb2{dollar}, CH{dollar}sb4{dollar}, and water were observed. This study examined soil fluxes of CO{dollar}sb2{dollar} and CH{dollar}sb4{dollar} using soil gas chambers, soil moisture measured by time domain reflectometry, soil temperatures measured with thermistors; and tree water flux using sap probes. At each site, a 0.10-ha rainout shelter limits precipitation from May through September. Limiting precipitation at the upland site resulted in lower soil moisture and increased methane consumption. Average rates of methane consumption among upland plots were 0.29 {dollar}pm{dollar} 0.05 mg m{dollar}sp{lcub}-2{rcub}{dollar}d{dollar}sp{lcub}-1{rcub}{dollar} and 0.60 {dollar}pm{dollar} 0.06 mg {dollar}rm msp{lcub}-2{rcub}dsp{lcub}-1{rcub}{dollar} (s.e.) in unsheltered and sheltered soils, respectively. At the floodplain site, limiting precipitation decreased methane consumption from an average of 0.24 {dollar}pm{dollar} 0.03 mg {dollar}rm msp{lcub}-2{rcub}dsp{lcub}-1{rcub}{dollar} to 0.07 {dollar}pm{dollar} 0.03 mg {dollar}rm msp{lcub}-2{rcub}dsp{lcub}-1{rcub}{dollar} (s.e.). Limiting summer precipitation generally decreased CO{dollar}sb2{dollar} concentrations within the soil profile as well as soil efflux. At the upland site, efflux rates were 0.42 {dollar}pm{dollar} 0.06 g {dollar}rm msp{lcub}-2{rcub}hsp{lcub}-1{rcub}{dollar} from unsheltered and 0.31 {dollar}pm{dollar} 0.03 g {dollar}rm msp{lcub}-2{rcub}hsp{lcub}-1{rcub}{dollar} (s.e.) from sheltered soils. At the floodplain site, rates were reduced from 0.42 {dollar}pm{dollar} 0.03 g {dollar}rm msp{lcub}-2{rcub}hsp{lcub}-1{rcub}{dollar} to 0.30 {dollar}pm{dollar} 0.05 g {dollar}rm msp{lcub}-2{rcub}hsp{lcub}-1{rcub}{dollar} (s.e.). Temperature was positively related to soil respiration, particularly when sufficient moisture was available for microbial and root activity. Fick's Law could predict soil gas fluxes when the soil profile concentration gradient accurately represented the soil surface gradient and biological sources and sinks of the gas did not overwhelm flux calculations.; In spite of generally higher sap flux rates at the floodplain site, calculated stand water consumption was less at that site because of lower stand sapwood area. Unsheltered upland trees consumed an average of 0.82 {dollar}pm{dollar} 0.05 mm d{dollar}sp{lcub}-1{rcub}{dollar} over both summers; unsheltered floodplain trees consumed 0.70 {dollar}pm{dollar} 0.03 mm d{dollar}sp{lcub}-1{rcub}{dollar} (s.e.). Sheltered trees, especially at the drier upland site, had limited ability to respond to atmospheric driving variables. If soil water availability decreases with global climate change at boreal landscapes similar to these sites, we may see reduction in soil respiration, decreases in water uptake, and at drier sites, increases in soil methane consumption.
机译:对甲烷,二氧化碳和水的全球循环的估算必须考虑到北方森林的通量,北方森林是一个生物群落,其总面积仅次于地球的热带雨林。为了预测CO {dollar} sb2 {dollar},CH {dollar} sb4 {dollar}和H {dollar} sb2 {dollar} O的通量,我们需要检查它们对改变的土壤水分状况的响应。在阿拉斯加内部的洪泛平原和高地地区,0.10公顷的防雨棚限制了5月至9月的降水,并且观察到土壤中的CO通量(sb2),CH(通量),sb4(美元)和水。这项研究使用土壤气室,通过时域反射仪测量的土壤水分,通过热敏电阻测量的土壤温度检查了CO {dollar} sb2 {dollar}和CH {dollar} sb4 {dollar}的土壤通量。和使用树液探头的树木水通量。在每个站点,一个0.10公顷的防雨棚限制了5月至9月的降雨。限制高地上的降水导致土壤湿度降低,甲烷消耗增加。旱地甲烷平均消耗量为0.29 {美元} pm {美元} 0.05毫克米{美元} sp {lcub} -2 {rcub} {美元} d {dollar} sp {lcub} -1 {rcub} {美元}和0.60 {dollar} pm {dollar}分别在不受保护的土壤和有遮盖的土壤中,分别以0.06 mg {dol} rm msp {lcub} -2 {rcub} dsp {lcub} -1 {rcub} {dol} {se}。在洪泛区,有限的降水量使甲烷的消耗量从平均0.24 {pm} pm {dollar} 0.03 mg {dollar} rm msp {lcub} -2 {rcub} dsp {lcub} -1 {rcub} {dollar}降低到0.07 {美元} pm {美元} 0.03毫克{美元} rm msp {lcub} -2 {rcub} dsp {lcub} -1 {rcub} {美元}(se)。限制夏季降水通常会降低土壤剖面中的CO {dollar} sb2 {dollar}浓度以及土壤外流。在高地,外流率为0.42 {美元} pm {美元} 0.06 g {美元} rm msp {lcub} -2 {rcub} hsp {lcub} -1 {rcub} {美元}来自不被庇护的地区为0.31 {美元} pm {dollar} 0.03 g {dol} rm msp {lcub} -2 {rcub} hsp {lcub} -1 {rcub} {dollar}(se)来自庇护土壤。在洪泛区站点,费率从0.42 {pm} pm {dollar} 0.03 g {dollar} rm msp {lcub} -2 {rcub} hsp {lcub} -1 {rcub} {dollar}降至0.30 {dollar} pm {美元} 0.05克{美元} rm msp {lcub} -2 {rcub} hsp {lcub} -1 {rcub} {dollar}(se)。温度与土壤呼吸呈正相关,特别是当有足够的水分可用于微生物和根系活动时。当土壤剖面浓度梯度准确地代表了土壤表面梯度并且气体的生物来源和汇流没有使通量计算超过时,菲克定律可以预测土壤通量。尽管洪泛区站点的树液通量速率通常较高,但由于该站点的边材边坡面积较小,因此计算出的林分用水量较少。在两个夏季中,没有庇护的山地树木平均消耗0.82 {美元} pm {美元} 0.05毫米d {dollar} sp {lcub} -1 {rcub} {dollar};未受保护的洪泛区树木消耗了0.70 {dollar} pm {dollar} 0.03 mm d {dollar} sp {lcub} -1 {rcub} {dollar}(s.e.)。庇护树,特别是在较干燥的高地上,对大气驱动变量的响应能力有限。如果在类似于这些地点的北方景观中,土壤水分的可用性随着全球气候变化而减少,那么我们可能会看到土壤呼吸减少,水吸收减少,而在较干燥的地点,土壤甲烷消耗增加。

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