Stateless citizens: Culture, nation and identity in the expanding Tibetan diaspora.

摘要

The Tibetan diaspora has expanded dramatically in North America since the passage of the 1990 Immigration Act. The act included legislation that allowed 1,000 Tibetans living in South Asia (India and Nepal) to resettle in the U.S. with immigrant visas. The dissertation examines this migratory movement and the attendant transformations in expressions of Tibetan identity in diaspora.; Part One of the dissertation places the expansion of the diaspora in historical and geopolitical context, exploring the range of state policies that have impacted diasporic Tibetans. I discuss discourses deployed by the Tibetan government-in-exile (a non-state) to articulate the “Tibet issue” in an international arena composed of states. In particular, I examine the slippage between “culture” and “nation” employed by the government-in-exile and Tibetans in general. Discourses about Tibetan identity, culture and nation intersect with state policy in the production of diaspora consciousness which characterizes Tibetan exile identity.; Part Two of the dissertation examines the establishment, organization and responses to the Tibetan-U.S. Resettlement Project (TUSRP) when it began in the early 1990s. I divide the majority of responses to the TUSRP into three categories—the impact on the future of the political movement to gain some measure of autonomy or independence for Tibet, the economic impact of increased migration, and concerns about culture preservation and loss.; Part Three of the dissertation, “Tibetans in the United States,” focuses primarily on data collected in the New Mexico “cluster site” of the TUSRP. Tibetans resettled in the U.S. with a perspective on Tibetan identity and culture shaped by formalized schooling in South Asia that steeped them in modernist perspectives of “nation” and “progress.” Tibetan nationalist ideology serves as a strong foundation for their identity as members of a diasporic community. Migration to the West is conceptualized as a patriotic act, enabling individuals to better support the Tibetan cause. Tibetan youth are developing a “cosmopolitan” outlook that emphasizes political activism, global awareness and transnational mobility. Yet, both adults and children express concerns and hopes about the impact of U.S. resettlement on Tibetan identity in the years to come.