Maternal parenting and individual differences in young children's prosocial abilities: Risk and resilience.

摘要

The purpose of these studies was to examine moderation processes for the influence of early maternal parenting practices on young children's prosocial outcomes. Data for both studies were drawn from the Kids, Families, and Places study. Observational measures of mothers' parenting practices and children's cooperation outcomes were collected in the home, and both mothers and fathers reported on their children's prosocial conduct. Study 1 was a longitudinal analysis of the interaction between maternal sensitivity after birth (Time 1) and children's joint attention (JA) skills (Time 2, 18 months later) on children's cooperation skills at 18 months. Findings indicated that children's concurrent Responding to JA (RJA) was associated with cooperation and early maternal sensitivity moderated this relationship. Children high in RJA showed good cooperation irrespective of maternal sensitivity. However, low RJA was associated with high cooperation in the presence of high maternal sensitivity. Study 2 used person-oriented analyses to examine patterns of maternal parenting associated with young children's concurrent prosocial behaviour across socioeconomic contexts. Latent Profile Analysis identified 3 profiles of parenting: Positive (14%), Negative (36%), and Combined (moderate levels of both positive and negative practices; 50%). Mothers from low-income families and those living in disadvantaged neighbourhoods were more likely to belong to the Negative or the Combined profiles. Moderation analyses indicated the protective influence of the Combined profile of parenting for children residing in impoverished socioeconomic contexts. In the context of low family SES and high neighbourhood disadvantage, children were rated as more prosocial if mothers use a combined style of parenting. A protective-enhancing effect was found, in which these high-risk children were actually rated better than those children who did not live in such adversity. Together, results highlight the importance of studying the association between parenting and prosocial outcomes within an ecological and contextual framework, with interactions amongst both child-level and distal factors, for understanding individual differences in prosocial development.