Senso sakusen kirokuga (war campaign documentary painting): Japan's national imagery of the 'Holy War', 1937--1945.

摘要

This dissertation is the first monographic study in any language of Japan's official war painting produced during the second Sino-Japanese War in 1937 through the Pacific War in 1945. This genre is known as senso sakusen kirokuga (war campaign documentary painting). Japan's army and navy commissioned noted Japanese painters to record war campaigns on a monumental scale. Military officials favored yoga (Western-style painting) for its strength in depicting scenes in realistic detail over nihonga (Japanese-style painting). The military gave unprecedented commissions to yoga painters despite the fact that Japan was fighting the "materialist" West. Large military exhibitions exposed these paintings to civilians. Officials attached national importance to war documentary paintings by publicizing that the emperor had inspected them in the Imperial Palace.;This study attempts to analyze postwar Japanese reluctance to tackle war documentary painting by examining its controversial and unsettling nature. The art community has been hesitant to reflect on its alliance with the regime by relegating responsibility for wartime collaboration to individual artists. That hesitance has resulted in a critical gap in the history of modern Japanese art. This study attempts to fill the void by examining artistic and political circumstances surrounding war documentary painting from three perspectives as follows. (1) Art historical significance: Yoga war documentary paintings offer a record of yoga's development since the Meiji period. Critics say that yoga's expression during the war was exceptional, but I show it was consistent with yoga's history. (2) Nationalistic pragmatism toward art: Modern Japanese leaders were often motivated by nationalism. This study illustrates that the alliance forged between the wartime regime and the art community was a continuation of Meiji governing tradition. (3) Ideological and propaganda aspects: By analyzing documentary paintings of what officials called the "Holy War" (Seisen) of 1937-1945, this study demonstrates central propaganda mechanisms in the images. Without a single portrayal of the Emperor, Japanese war documentary painting expressed the absolute importance of the imperial order over the individual.