Simulation of plasma flows in self-field Lorentz force accelerators.

摘要

A characteristics-based scheme for the solution of ideal MHD equations was developed, and its ability to capture time-dependent discontinuities monotonically, as well as maintain force-free equilibrium, was demonstrated. Detailed models of classical transport, real equations of state, multi-level ionization models, anomalous transport, and multi-temperature effects for argon and lithium plasmas were implemented in this code. The entire set of equations was solved on non-orthogonal meshes, using parallel computers, to provide realistic description of flowfields in various thruster configurations. The calculated flowfield in gas-fed magnetoplasmadynamic thrusters (MPDT), such as the full-scale benchmark thruster (FSBT), compared favorably with measurements. These simulations provided insight into some aspects of FSBT operation, such as the weak role of the anode geometry in affecting the coefficient of thrust, the predominantly electromagnetic nature of the thrust at nominal operating conditions, and the importance of the near-cathode region in energy dissipation. Furthermore, the simulated structure of the flow embodied a number of photographically-recorded features of the FSBT discharge. Based on the confidence gained from its success with gas-fed MPDT flows, this code was then used to study a promising high-power spacecraft thruster, the lithium Lorentz force accelerator (LiLFA), in order to uncover its interior plasma properties and to obtain insight into underlying physical processes that had been poorly understood. The simulated flowfields of density, velocity, ionization, and anomalous resistivity were shown to change qualitatively with the total current. The simulations show the presence of a velocity reducing shock at low current, which disappeared as the current was increased above the value corresponding to nominal operation. The breakdown and scaling of the various components of thrust and power were revealed. The line on which the magnetic pressure equaled the gasdynamic pressure, and its motion with increasing current, was shown to provide a clear illustration of the anode starvation mechanism that leads to the current conduction crisis called onset.