Design and development of NiTi-based precipitation-strengthened high-temperature shape memory alloys for actuator applications.

摘要

As a vital constituent in the field of smart materials and structures, shape memory alloys (SMAs) are becoming ever-more important due to their wide range of commercial and industrial applications such as aircraft couplings, orthodontic wires, and eyeglasses frames. However, two major obstacles preventing SMAs from fulfilling their potential as excellent actuator materials are: 1) the lack of commercially-viable SMAs that operate at elevated temperatures, and 2) the degradation of mechanical properties and shape memory behavior due to thermal cyclic fatigue.;This research utilized a thermodynamically-driven systems design approach to optimize the desired properties by controlling the microstructure and processing of high-temperature SMAs (HTSMAs). To tackle the two aforementioned problems with HTSMAs, the introduction of Ni2TiAl coherent nanoprecipitates in a Ni-Ti-Zr/Hf HTSMA matrix is hypothesized to strengthen the martensite phase while simultaneously increasing the transformation temperature. Differential scanning calorimetry (DSC) was used to determine the transformation temperatures and thermal cyclic stability of each alloy. Also, microstructural characterization was performed using X-ray diffraction (XRD), optical microscopy (OM), scanning electron microscopy (SEM), transmission electron microscopy (TEM), and atom probe tomography (APT). Lastly, compression testing was used to assess the mechanical behavior of the alloys.;From the investigation of the first set of Ni48.5Ti31.5-X Zr20AlX (X = 0, 1, 2, 3) prototype alloys, Al addition was found to decrease the transformation temperatures, decrease the thermal cyclic stability, but also increase the strength due to the nucleation and growth of embrittling NiTi2 and NiTiZr Laves phases. However, the anticipated Heusler phase precipitation did not occur.;The next study focused on Ni50Ti30-XHf20Al X (X = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) prototype alloys which replaced Zr with Hf to avoid the formation of brittle Laves phases. Heusler precipitation was successfully demonstrated in the aged 4 and 5% Al alloys, but no transformation was detected.;Finally, the last investigation explored the potential of high transformation temperatures in Ni50Ti25-XHf25AlX and Ni50Ti20-XHf30AlX (X = 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5) prototype alloys. The final design was narrowed down to a Ni 50Ti20Hf25Al5 alloy aged at 800°C that is expected to exhibit high transformation temperatures while concurrently strengthened by Heusler nanoprecipitates.