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Auditory-visual matching and exclusion in a California sea lion.

机译:加州海狮的听觉-视觉匹配和排斥。

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摘要

Problem solving requires that animals be able to integrate information to make sense of their environment. I investigated the ability of an experimentally experienced, female California sea lion, named Rio, to form transitive relations across the sensory modalities in order to understand the mechanisms that underlie the many complex behaviors observed in these amphibious marine mammals both in captivity and in the wild. Prior to the present study, Rio had a long history of discrimination learning using a matching-to-sample paradigm in successful attempts to demonstrate equivalence class formation within the visual modality. In general, equivalence class formation occurs when stimulus members of a class become substitutable.; In the initial experiments of the current study associative transitivity was investigated across sensory modalities. Transitivity is a type of logic rule such that if one has learned that A is related to B and that B is related to C then transitivity would be demonstrated by the emergence of a relation between A and C. To test Rio for the ability to use a transitive logic rule across the senses she was trained by trial and error, using class specific food reinforcement, to relate an acoustic stimulus with one member from each of two previously established visual classes labeled "letters" and "numbers". Correct responses to the "letter" class were reinforced with a capelin fish and correct responses to the "number" class were reinforced with a herring fish. Once the auditory-visual relations were formed Rio was tested to determine if untrained transitive relations would emerge between each of the acoustic cues and the remaining members of each visual class. The results showed that Rio immediately solved novel transfer problems, with new transitive relations emerging between acoustic and visual stimulus members that were separately related to a common visual mediating stimulus. Rio's ability to pass a cross-modal transitivity test allows for a more complete understanding of how this cognitive ability may aid a sea lion in adapting to its environment.; Once it was demonstrated that the sea lion was capable of learning auditory-visual associations by trial and error the next set of experiments were run to investigate the learning strategy of exclusion. Exclusion is demonstrated when an individual, in the presence of an undefined sample, chooses an undefined comparison stimulus as opposed to a familiar defined comparison stimulus. Rio was taught new auditory-visual stimulus pairings with novel auditory stimuli and the visual stimuli from the previously formed classes. Responses to the two stimulus classes continued to be reinforced with differential fish rewards. Rio's acquisition of the new stimulus relations was assessed as well as the ability to demonstrate spontaneous learning outcomes in which novel problems were presented to her that could not be solved by the use of an exclusion strategy. Rio did not demonstrate errorless exclusion performances during the acquisition phase, but her learning outcome performance was significantly higher than expected by chance and generally not different from performance on baseline trials. This finding illustrates that training associations with an auditory-visual exclusion procedure can lead to successful and spontaneous cross modal learning outcome performances.; The last experiment in my study concerned the role of the food reinforcer. Rio's performance on the auditory-visual matching task in the absence of class specific food reinforcement was assessed. Two experimental tests were run with a homogenous food reinforcer rather than the heterogeneous reinforcement used previously. Therefore one experimental set was run with capelin fish serving as the only food reinforcer and then afterwards a second experimental set was run with herring fish serving as the only food reinforcer. This allowed me to investigate Rio's performance with both food types. Based on Sidman's revi
机译:解决问题要求动物能够整合信息以理解其环境。我调查了一个有经验的雌性加利福尼亚海狮Rio的能力,以跨感觉方式形成传递关系,以便了解在这些两栖海洋哺乳动物在人工饲养和野外观察到的许多复杂行为的基础机理。在进行本研究之前,Rio使用匹配样本范式进行歧视学习的历史悠久,已成功尝试证明了视觉模态中的等价类形成。通常,当班级的刺激成员被取代时,就会发生等价班级的形成。在当前研究的初始实验中,跨感觉模态研究了关联传递性。传递性是一种逻辑规则,因此,如果人们了解到A与B相关并且B与C相关,那么传递性将通过A和C之间的关系的出现来证明。测试Rio的使用能力运用感官上的传递逻辑规则,通过使用特定于班级的食品强化技术,通过反复试验对她进行了训练,以使声学刺激与之前建立的两个带有“字母”和“数字”的视觉类中的每个成员相关联。用毛鳞鱼加强对“字母”类的正确回答,并用鲱鱼加强对“数字”类的正确回答。听觉与视觉的关系一旦形成,就对Rio进行了测试,以确定在每个声音提示与每个视觉类别的其余成员之间是否会出现未经训练的传递关系。结果表明,Rio立即解决了新的转移问题,声学和视觉刺激成员之间出现了新的传递关系,这些传递关系分别与常见的视觉中介刺激相关。力拓通过交叉模式传递性测试的能力可以使人们更全面地了解这种认知能力如何帮助海狮适应环境。一旦证明海狮能够通过反复试验来学习听觉-视觉联想,就可以进行下一组实验来研究排斥的学习策略。当一个个体在一个不确定的样本存在下选择一个不确定的比较刺激而不是一个熟悉的定义比较刺激时,证明了排斥。里约被教给新的听觉-视觉刺激配对,以及新颖的听觉刺激和先前形成的班级的视觉刺激。对两种刺激类别的反应继续通过不同的鱼类奖励得到加强。力拓评估了新的刺激关系的获取能力,并展示了自发学习成果的能力,在这种学习成果中,向她提出的新问题是无法通过使用排斥策略解决的。力拓在习得阶段并未表现出无误的排斥表现,但她的学习成果表现偶然地高于预期,并且通常与基线试验的表现没有区别。这一发现说明,与听觉-视觉排斥程序的训练关联可以导致成功和自发的跨模式学习成果表现。我研究中的最后一个实验涉及食物增强剂的作用。评估了里约在没有特定班级强化食品的情况下在听觉-视觉匹配任务上的表现。使用同质食品增强剂而不是先前使用的异质增强剂进行了两个实验测试。因此,一个实验组以毛鳞鱼作为唯一的食物增强剂运行,然后,第二个实验组以鲱鱼作为唯一的食物增强剂运行。这使我能够调查两种食物类型的力拓表现。根据西德曼的修订

著录项

  • 作者

    Lindemann, Kristy L.;

  • 作者单位

    University of California, Santa Cruz.;

  • 授予单位 University of California, Santa Cruz.;
  • 学科 Psychology Behavioral.; Engineering Marine and Ocean.; Psychology Cognitive.
  • 学位 Ph.D.
  • 年度 2007
  • 页码 127 p.
  • 总页数 127
  • 原文格式 PDF
  • 正文语种 eng
  • 中图分类 心理学;海洋工程;心理学;
  • 关键词

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