Electrical Power System Losses

摘要

The term Electrical Power System Losses is not easy to define. Meanwhile wecategorize losses into two different types. Technical and non technical. Event if this work ismainly based on technical losses, it is necessary to understand the meaning of both. Energy losses occur in the process of supplying electricity to consumers due to technical andnon technical or commercial losses. The technical losses are due to energy dissipated in theconductors and equipment used for transmission, transformation, sub- transmission anddistribution of power. These technical losses are inherent in a system and can be reduced toan optimum level. The losses can be further sub grouped depending upon the stage of powertransformation & transmission system as Transmission Losses(500kV/220kV/110kV/66kV), as Sub transmission losses, and Distribution losses (below500KV/220KV, 110KV/66KV). The commercial losses are caused by pilferage, defectivemeters, and errors in meter reading and in estimating unmetered supply of energy. This workis based on the analysis of losses, methods of losses minimization or reduction, and lossallocation method to different customers. Finally it present the use of PSS/E ( Power SystemSimulation and Engineering) for the reduction of losses.

目录

DECLARATION

CERTIFICATION

DEDICATION

AKNOWLEDGEMENTS

ABSTRACT

CHAPTER ONE INTRODUCTION

CHAPTER TWO ANALYSIS OF LOSSES IN POWER SYSTEMS

2.1 Non-technical losses

2.2 Technical losses in power system

2.2.1 Types of technical losses

2.2.2 Factors influencing system losses

CHAPTER THREE MODEL OF LOSS MINIMIZATION IN POWER SYSTEM

3.1 Optimization model for loss minimization in deregulated power distribution network

3.1.1 Transformers:

3.1.2 Power factor correction

3.1.3 Reducing conductor losses

3.1.4 Reducing forced outages and stabilizing line voltage

3.2 Loss minimization in distribution networks with multiple loads scenarios

3.2.1 Methodology

3.3 Losses Minimization in power systems Using artificial Neural Networks

3.4 Loss reduction in distribution system: A new approach using partitioning techniques

3.5 A Novel Method for Loss Minimization in Distribution Networks

3.6 Improve Method for Loss Minimization in Distribution Networks

3.7 A Simple Distribution Reconfiguration Algorithm for loss Minimization

3.8 Computer software systems and models

3.9 Loss Minimization in Load Flow Simulation in Power system

3.9.1 Newton-Raphson Load flow Analysis

CHAPTER FOUR LOSS ALLOCATION

4.1 Loss Adjust Factor

4.2 Bilateral contract

4.3 Incremental transmission loss allocation

4.4 An approach to allocate real power losses of transmission lines to individual loads

4.5 Allocation of real power losses

4.6 Transmission loss Allocation: A comparison of different practical algorithms

4.6.1 Pro rata techniques(PR)

4.6.2 Marginal procedures

4.6.3 Proportional sharing procedures

4.7 Allocating Distnbution losses to customers Using Distribution Loss Factors

4.8 Succinct Method for Allocation of Network losses

4.9 Allocation of Distribution System Losses to Consumers in Deregulated electricity supply industries

4.9.1 Description of the method

CHAPTER FIVE CONCLUSION

APPENDIX

Appendix 1

Appendix 2

Appendix 3

Appendix 4

REFERENCES