基于可持续发展角度的微电网通用框架设计与分析

摘要

The alarming issue of global warming,energy poverty and the dependency on fossil fuels to meet the energy demand has motivated most of countries to use clean energy sources.Escalating energy demand can be seen especially in developing and fast-growing economies like China and India where conventional energy resources meet most of the energy demand.The energy access situation is worse in the remote locations of developing nations such as Sub-Saharan Africa and India.The affordability to access dean,modem energy fuels(for example LPG for cooking and heating,etc.)and electricity for the household purpose is also one of the significant challenges being faced in rural areas.The microgrid based on the locally available renewable energy sources can play a vital role in providing energy access(clean cooking and electricity)to the remote locations with a perspective of sustainable development.Nevertheless,even with technological advancement providing energy access to such areas is far from reality.Also,to achieve the inclusion of renewable energy technologies in the present power system a thoughtful consideration should be given covering not only technical and economic aspects but also social,environmental and institutional aspects as well. Moreover,the complexity in the design of sustainable microgrids based on renewable energy sources have increased recently due to the involvement of multiple performance indices,scenarios,and stakeholders.At disintegrated level such as rural villages in developing nations,the issue has become more severe concerning the involvement of social and cultural characteristics making the problem multi-dimensional with multiple objectives.Thus,a proper method which can simultaneously consider the various criteria's and differing views of the multiple actors involved in varying scenarios is required. The primary aim of this thesis is to develop an innovative,comprehensive generalized methodological framework for the design of a reliable,robust and economic microgrid system based on locally available renewable energy sources with a perspective of sustainability for the rural communities in developing nations.Most of the work reported in the literature is based on either decision-making models or optimization models with no or little consideration towards the social,economic,technical,institutional as well as environmental aspects simultaneously during the planning process.However,the newly proposed framework in this thesis is based on an integrated approach enabling the use of multi-criteria decision making,system modeling and multi-objective optimization tool(HOMER PRO)for microgrid planning considering the various dimensions of sustainable development.The proposed microgrid design framework consists of three significant levels accommodating the subsequent objectives of this thesis work. During the first level of the design process,a novel method incorporating multi-criteria decision method(MCDM)is formulated which is capable of including multiple design scenarios considering several criteria's for the preliminary evaluation of energy alternatives based on the various dimensions of sustainability.Majority of MCDM models used in sustainable evaluation reported in the published literature have not accommodated multiple design scenarios instead focused only on a single scenario considering a handful of performance indices.The energy alternatives are based on the combinations of locally available energy sources(such as solar,wind and hydro)with suitable storage systems(battery and pumped hydro storage)along with diesel generator as a backup in different architectures.The output of this level will act as input to the second level. At second level,a new scalable approach is proposed to carry out the feasibility assessment of the energy altematives obtained from the first level for optimal microgrid design considering an annual load growth using a multiobjective optimization tool(HOMER PRO)which is not reported in the literature so far.Furthermore,two new system controllers are introduced for economic power dispatch and energy management for isolated and grid-connected systems in this stage. Apart from these,detailed mathematical modeling of various components of microgrids such as photovoltaics,grid,hydrokinetic turbine,battery storage,pump hydroelectric storage,etc.is also presented.Moreover,to show the effectiveness of the proposed approach,a comparative analysis is performed with well-established dispatch strategies namely load following with real case studies.A detailed system behavior analysis on a yearly basis considering the annual load growth to check the robustness of optimal microgrid solutions obtained from the proposed approach which has been completely ignored in literature is also illustrated. This stage provides many optimal microgrid solutions having different sizes and costs considering different architectures.However,in real scenarios,the primary g

目录

声明

Acknowledgment

Abstract

Table of Contents

List of Figures

List of Tables

1 Introduction

1．1 Energy access and development

1．1．1 Energy and its relevance to Human Development Index (HDI)

1．1．2 Sustainable development goals and its relationship with energy

1．1．3 Global energy access overview and challenges in improving energy access

1．2 Role of renewable energy sources in realizing energy for all

1．2．1 Microgrids based on renewables：a new paradigm for energy access

1．2．2 Problems associated with the deployment of microgrids based on renewable sources

1．3 Methods and models involved in the design of microgrid for rural electrification

1．3．1 Multi-criteria decision-making models

1．3．2 Computational Optimization based models

1．3．3 Software based models

1．4 Research problem statement

1．5 Aim of the Thesis

1．6 Contributions

1．7 Thesis Layout

2 Sustainable Framework for the Design of Microgrids for Remote Locations

2．1 Introduction

2．2 Significant issues in deployment of sustainable microgrid

2．3 Proposed framework for the design of sustainable rural microgrid

2．3．1 Level 1-Selection of energy alternatives using decision analysis

2．3．2 Level 2-Load growth projections and feasibility analysis of mierogrid alternatives

2．3．3 Level 3-Final microgrid alternative selection

2．4 Summary

3 Sustainable Evaluation of Energy Alternatives using Decision-Making Models

3．1 Introduction

3．2 Proposed methodology for sustainable evaluation and selection

3．2．1 Data assessment of the targeted location

3．2．2 Generation of potential energy alternatives

3．2．3 Selection of suitable assessment indicators and classifications

3．2．4 Determination of weights of criteria’s and scenario creation

3．2．5 Selection of decision-making models for evaluating the alternatives

3．3 Implementation of proposed sustainable selection methodology with a case study

3．3．1 Data Collection from target site

3．3．2 Generation of energy alternatives

3．3．3 Selection of performance indicators／criteria’s and scenario creation

3．3．4 Determination of criteria weights，sceanrios and evaluation of energy alternatives

3．4 Results and discussions

3．5 Summary

4 Feasibility Analysis and Final Selection of Microgrid using Scalable Approach with Hybrid Decision Making Model

4．1 Introduction

4．2 Techno-financial evaluation of microgrid considering future load demands

4．2．1 Future load demand projections

4．2．2 Novel multiyear load growth based scalable approach

4．2．3 Proposed system controller algorithm for power dispatch

4．2．4 Microgrid component modeling and parameters selection

4．3 Hybrid decision-making models for final evaluation of optimal microgrid

4．3．1 Assortment of key indicators，classifications and weightagede termination

4．3．2 TOPSIS analysis for final ranking the microgrid alternatives

4．4 Implementation with ease study

4．4．1 Analysis using proposed multiyear approach

4．4．2 Analysis using in-built multiyear approach by HOMER PRO

4．4．3 Comparative analysis of between the proposed approach and HOMER PRO

4．4．4 Optimal sizing and costing of energy system

4．4．5 Final optimal energy alternative selection using hybrid MCDM model

4．5 Results and discussions

4．6 Summary

5 Detailed Enactment of the Proposed Tri-Level Sustainable Microgrid Design Framework for a Villagein Hilly-Region

5．1 Introduction

5．2 Community profile，resource estimation，and decision parameters selection

5．2．1 Socio-economic profile

5．2．2 Generation of electrical load profile

5．2．3 Available local energy resource and meteorological data

5．2．4 Potential energy alternatives

5．2．5 Selection of performance indices／criteria and scenarios for sustainable evaluation

5．3 Sustainable evaluation of alternatives using MCDA approach

5．4 Feasibility analysis of energy alternatives for optimal mierogrid solutions

5．4．1 Analysis using proposed multiyear scalable approach

5．4．2 Analysis using in-built muitiyear approach by HOMER PRO

5．4．3 Comparative analysis of the proposed approach and HOMER PRO

5．4．4 System behavioral analysis of optimal solution obtained from proposed multiyear approach

5．4．5 Optimal sizing and costing of energy systems

5．4．6 Final optimal microgrid system selection using hybrid (AHP+TOPSIS)model

5．5 Result and discussion

5．6 Summary

6 Conclusions and future scope

6．1 Conclusions

6．2 Future Scope

References

Appendix

List of Publications