Combined microwave and optical atmospheric remote sensingtechniques: a review

摘要

Remote sensing of atmospheric parameters with space-based passivenmicrowave and optical sensors matured from research experiments in then1960s and 1970s to operational systems in the 1970s and 1980s.nAtmospheric temperature and humidity profiles can be retrieved using theninfrared carbon dioxide resonances, the microwave oxygen resonances, andnthe water vapor resonances in both spectral bands. Superior retrievalsncan be obtained by combining these sensors, taking advantage of thensuperior ability of microwaves to penetrate many cloud types and tonrespond better to low temperatures and negative lapse rates, whilensimultaneously taking advantage of the high spatial resolution, channelncount, and sensitivity of modern infrared sensors, together with theirnreduced sensitivity to surface effects. Microwave and infrared soundingsnfrom satellites have been combined since their operational introductionnin the 1970s, and progress continues to be made. These evolvingntechniques are reviewed