Nord Stream Project - Pipeline Safety Against Ship Traffic Related Threats: Quantitative Risk Assessment Approach

摘要

The two 48" Nord Stream pipelines run almost parallel along thernBaltic Sea for an offshore length of approximately 1220 km each,rncrossing waters of five European countries: Russia, Finland, Sweden,rnDenmark and Germany. The Baltic Sea is one of the most congestedrnshipping areas in the world. An average amount of 2000 ships ofrnconsiderable size is contemporaneously involved in offshorernoperations, and up to 5000 ships cross the Baltic Sea every month.. Thernship traffic includes large oil tankers, ships carrying dangerous andrnpotentially polluting cargoes and many large passenger ferries.rnThe interaction of the Nord Stream pipelines with the commercial shiprntraffic has been carefully assessed and pipeline protection measuresrnhave been carefully designed. In particular, the Nord Stream pipelinesrnsafety against ship traffic related threats - dropped objects, dropped andrndragged anchors, sinking ships and, where relevant, under keelrnclearance and grounding - was analysed in detail by means ofrnQuantitative Risk Assessment (QRA) methodology.rnThis paper discusses the applied QRA methodology and the projectrnresults.