Decreasing R&D expenditures in the European energy industry: the impact of deregulation

摘要

Since the middle of the 80's, particularly in Europe, the public energy R&D expenditures have noticeably slowed down. Meanwhile, the European deregulations of network activities, and the consecutive restructuring of the energy sectors, have led companies to significantly reduce their R&D investments. What will be the consequences of the public and private declines in energy R&D on the output of new technical knowledge?