URBANDRAINAGE WATER AND STORM WATER MANAGEMENT

摘要

Water is of vital importance both for human life and for the life of cities. Factually all cities of the world are built in a close proximity to rivers, seas and water bodies. Most Russian cities are located along riverbanks and the water for their vital activity is taken from surface water sources. Sometimes it is necessary to establish complicated artificial water systems for urban water supply. For example, the water system established for the water supply of Moscow in the 20th century includes the Moskva River-Volga River Canal of 31m~3/s capacity and 10 water storage reservoirs with a total water surface area of 70 km~2. Their storage capacity amounts to 2.8 milliard m~3. Moscow consumes about 5.5 million m~3 of water per day and about 8 percent thereof is lost in the urban territory. The most important component of urban water balance is atmospheric precipitation (for Moscow the average annual precipitation amounts to 18 m~3/s and 8 m~3/s thereof is evaporated). Some additional runoff (drainage water from the Metro, natural artesian water leakage and regulated clean effluents from industrial enterprises) also amount to 18 m~3/s. The Moskva River is the main receiving water body for all types of land runoff. Its own discharge within the city boundaries varies from 35 m~3/s in the headwater section to 120 m~3/s at the point where the river leaves the city. Numerous water bodies, small rivers and brooks are concentrated on the urban territory. For example, the total number of water bodies in Moscow is about 400