Aggregation in Dynamic Networks

摘要

The aggregation problem assumes that every process starts an execution with a unique token (an abstraction for data). The goal is to collect these tokens at a minimum number of processes by the end of the execution. This problem is particularly relevant, to mobile networks where peer-to-peer communication is cheap (e.g.. using S02.ll or Bluetooth). but uploading data to a central server can be costly (e.g., using 3G/4G). With this in mind, we study this problem in a dynamic network model, in which the communication graph can change arbitrarily from round to round. We start by exploring global bounds. First we prove a negative result that shows that in general dynamic graphs no algorithm can achieve any measure of competitiveness against the optimal offline algorithm. Guided by this impossibility result, we focus our attention to dynamic graphs where every node interacts, at some point in the execution, with at least a ρ-fraction of the total number of nodes in the graph. We call these graphs ρ-clusters. We describe a distributed algorithm that in ρ-clusters aggregates the tokens to Ο(log n) processes with high probability. We then turn our attention to local, bounds. Specifically we ask whether its possible to aggregate to Ο(log n) processes in parts of the graph that locally form a ρ-cluster. Here we prove a negative result: this is only possible if the local ρ-clusters are sufficiently isolated from the rest of the graph. We then match this result with an algorithm that achieves the desired aggregation given (close to) the minimal required ρ-cluster isolation. Together, these results imply a "paradox of connectivity": in some graphs, increasing connectivity can lead to inherently worse aggregation performance. We conclude by considering what seems to be a promising performance metric to circumvent our lower bounds for local aggregation algorithms. However, perhaps surprisingly, we show that, no aggregation algorithm can perform well with respect to this metric, even in very well connected and very well isolated clusters.