The ontology and epistemology of symptoms: The case of auditory verbal hallucinations in schizophrenia

摘要

26.1 Basic nosological tenets: Addressing and discussing the critical theoretical issues in psychiatric nosology during the era after the fifth edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-5) must include a thorough consideration of symptoms and signs. It is generally accepted that symptoms and signs are the most basic elements or terms of psychiatric description and classification. The notion of "symptoms" designates the patient's subjective complaints (e.g., a feeling of pain), whereas "signs" describe the "objective," publically observable, "external," or "third-person" features.