The need for an integrated approach to control metal and metalloid contamination of drinking Water

摘要

The metal and metalloid contaminations that can arise in a water supply system, from source to tap, are reviewed and the control options identified. Generally, point source problems are easier to monitor and rectify. The dependency on sampling and monitoring is outlined in the context of both regulatory and operational needs. Problems have been experienced with the monitoring of diffuse metal contamination (Cu, Ni, Pb) at consumers' taps and in consequence, public health protection is poor or absent in some countries. The potential extent of problems with lead in drinking water reveals the need for a more integrated approach to control. The main conclusions are that:(i) Health Authorities need to determine the extent of problems with metals and metalloids in drinking water in their area and pursue appropriate improvements; (ii) a European Drinking Water Inspectorate could considerably strengthen the enforcement of quality standards and take a leading role in the implementation of risk assessment and risk management; (iii) the public reporting of drinking water quality could be much improved; and (iv) risk assessment is not a perfect science and should endeavour to look broadly at all the relevant information that is available.