A Review of the Global Applications of ECO2 FUME and VAPORPH3 0S Cylinderized Phosphine Fumigants for Stored Products Disinfestation

摘要

For decades phosphine has been the world' s most widely used and cost effective fumigant for stored product protection. In response for the need to eliminate the associated risks of fire or explosion,need for deactivation, disposal and direct contact with the fumigant, ECO2 FUME, a non-flam-mable cylinderized formulation of 2% phosphine and 98% carbon dioxide (CO2) by weight, was developed and made available in the market in late the 1980's. By the year 2000, VAPORPH.OS, a cylinderized formulation of 99.3% phosphine, entered into the market for large scale application using a safe and effective CYTEC approved on-site mixing equipment with CO2 or air. This paper describes the up to date history and the different global applications of ECO2 FUME and VAPORPH3OS as fumigant for food commodities such stored grains, oilseeds, nuts and beans,fruits and vegetables, animal feed and feed ingredients and non-food commodities such as tobacco, cut flowers and foliages,tires and structural fumigation. ECO2 FUME was first introduced in Australia during the late 1980's for stored grains,oilseeds and nuts both for un-sealed and sealed vertical silos and horizontal sheds. ECO2 FUME is also used in Australia and New Zealand for export cut flowers and foliages. VAPORPH3OS was first introduced in China in 2000 at Dalian Grain Export Terminal using the on-site mixing with CO2 technology. In North America, ECO2 FUME was commercially used starting in 2000 in sealed storages for grains, nuts, dried fruits, tobacco, flour, processed foods and feeds as well as structural fumigation. With the development of the Horn Diluphos System (HDS) for safe on-site mixing of VAPORPH3OS with air in 2004, VAPORPH3OS has become an increasingly popular phosphine fumigant as a practical and convenient approach for large scale fumigation of grains, oil seeds,nuts and fruits and vegetables in Australia, USA and South America.