Models for the viscous and buffer layers over smooth walls are reviewed Much of the friction coefficient in wall-bounded flows depends on this near-wall region. It is shown that there is a family of numerically-exact nonlinear structures which account for about half of the energy production and dissipation in the wall layer: The other half can be modelled in terms of their unsteady bursting Many of the best-known characteristics of the wall layer, such as the dimensions of the dominant structures, are well predicted by these models.
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