There are innumerable items made for automotive,aerospace and industrial applications where elastomers are adhered to metal using bonding agents that cure and bond the rubber to the metal substrate during the vulcanization cycle.Included are engine mounts,dynamic seals,automotive weatherstrip ,various shock and vibration dampeners for down hole drilling,rubber covered rolls,pump impellers and solid rocket motors for missiles and space applications.If manufacturing or in-service adhesion failures occur,the reasons for the failure need to be understood so that corrective actions can be implemented.There are different modes of failure and by identifying the nature of the failure,causes can be identified but in addition,the root cause of the failure must be discovered so as to prevent further problems in the future.In some cases,various surface analyses may be conducted using sophisticated techniques to determine the nature of the failure and the possible cause.
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