MARS-X: HUMAN EXPLORATION OF MARS FROM MARTIAN ORBIT

摘要

It is important for the advancement of the human species to leave the cradle of Earth and extend human presence to the rest of the Solar System and beyond. The Mars-X project identifies the problems associated with sending humans to a Martian moon and returning them safely to Earth. A framework is suggested for addressing these challenges by proposing an alternative option to the International Space Exploration Coordination Group's (ISECG) Global Exploration Roadmap (GER). This alternative framework advises going to Phobos as a preliminary step to exploring Mars, instead of missions to the Moon and Near-Earth Asteroids as outlined in the GER. The Red Planet is located at an enticing distance from the Earth and has properties that make it an appealing destination for the advancement of human space exploration. There are many drivers behind this endeavor including: scientific experimentation, technological advancement, and In-Situ Resource Utilization (ISRU). The proposed mission is an intermediate step towards setting foot on Mars' surface to develop and enhance preparations for future missions. Mars-X focuses on investigating whether all the technologies required for a human mission to Mars can be tested on a single mission to Phobos. For the mission to achieve 439 days in orbit around Mars, a three-phase launch architecture is proposed, with the first phase launching in 2020. Mars-X outlines how technologies such as nuclear thermal propulsion, advanced radiation shielding, tele-operation of robotics, and artificial gravity will help to achieve the goals of this mission. It also provides initial research into exciting potential future technologies including 3D printing for space missions, and ISRU of Phobos, possibly leading to future applications on Mars. Political, legal, ethical, and economic aspects such as fundraising through Public Private Partnerships are addressed. The potential for the involvement of space faring nations in this international venture is also discussed. Mars-X brings a unique perspective to the challenge of advancing human exploration throughout space.