Severe battery operating conditions in hybrid electric vehicle and telecommunication applications create challenges for advanced battery management. Information about a battery's open circuit voltage and internal resistance is used for charging nickel-metal hydride batteries with recognition of 80-9O% state of charge, and switching to lower current at this point. Charge management of lithium-ion batteries includes touching maximum charging voltage (instead of staying under it) and shunt (short) recognition. Discharge management of both battery chemistries contains flexible voltage cut off and recognition of remaining operation time.
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