A numerical investigation of transient flow and heat transfer in a steel ladle with and without gas injection is conducted. For simulating the flow and thermal stratification in the ladle without gas injection, the ladle refractory layers including the working lining, safety lining, insulation layer and steel shell has been simultaneously taken into account. The solutions are then used for the simulation of transient flow and heat transfer in the ladle with gas injection from the central bottom. The results are presented in the form of flow patterns, the histories of both steel and inside ladle wall temperature, and the thermal stratification history. Predictions are compared with the experimental data measured in an industrial ladle, and agreement is satisfactory.
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