Anecdotal and statistical evidence indicates that pair programmers - two programmers working side-by-side at one computer collaborating on the same design, algorithm, code or test - outperform individual programmers. One of the programmers (the driver) has control of the keyboard/mouse and actively implements the program. The other programmer (the observer) continuously observes the work of the driver to identify tactical (syntactic, spelling, etc.) defects, and also thinks strategically about the direction of the work. On demand, the two programmers can brainstorm any challenging problem. Because the two programmers periodically switch roles, they work together as equals to develop software. This practice of pair programming can be integrated into any software development process. As an example, this paper describes the changes that were made to the Personal Software Process (PSP) to leverage the power of two programmers working together, thereby formulating the Collaborative Software Process (CSP). The paper also discusses the expected results of incorporating pair programming into a software development process in which traditional, individual programming is currently used.
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