Improvement of the refractory and the cooling systems has made it possible for blast furnace to realize much longer campaign life. Recently, one of large blast furnaces (over 4000m~3 in inner volume) has been operated more than 20 years in Japan. In addition, many blast furnaces, that may be operated with higher productivity, higher fuel rate for recovery of much blast furnace gas or higher pulverized coal injection rate, suffer for higher heat load at the furnace wall, especially at the bosh caused by much amount of peripheral gas flow.
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