ABOVEGROUND SEISMIC RETROFIT SCHEMES OF WATER PIPELINES CROSSING THE HAYWARD FAULT

摘要

Large abrupt differential ground movements at a water pipeline crossing of an active fault have the potential of causing the most severe earthquake damages on the pipeline. To mitigate potential earthquake damages, the City and County of San Francisco has conducted a seismic study on upgrading two large-diameter pipelines crossing the Hayward Fault, one of the major faults in Northern California, which is capable of generating a Richter Magnitude 7+ earthquake. This paper discusses various seismic upgrade methods covering both buried and aboveground pipelines with an emphasis on the aboveground pipeline schemes. In addition, it presents geotechnical findings of the site, methods for analysing the aboveground pipelines, and cost comparisons among identified viable schemes.