Simple analysis methods for the off-design operation of centrifugal pumps are still missing. Flow separation, streamwise trailing vortices, inlet and exit recirculation appear which make even full three-dimensional, computer calculations difficult and of questionable validity. Fundamental understanding and valid analytical models have to precede any computer calculation. This study presents a concept for the onset of impeller exit recirculation. Predictions of the calculation appear to be born out by test results.
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