The authors describe a way of noticeably reducing the description cost of database operations executed in distributed computing environments through the design of a declarative language to describe database operations, the development of program transformation techniques to improve efficiency at execution time, and the clarification of prerequisites to execute the programs in distributed computing environments. With the language, database operations are described as functions which manipulate streams. To describe stream manipulation at a higher level, the language SPL (Set Programming Language) is based on mathematical comprehensive notation for sets (ZF expressions). With this language, database operation implementors need not specify any communication primitives; a language processing system automatically translates the programs into procedural programs which include communication primitives.
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